Reflections on intelligent transformation of biomedicine industry / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#The biomedicine industry is a strategic emerging industry that is related to the national economy,people's livelihood,and national security. As a new generation of digital production technology,the intelligent manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals has been proposed by policies such as the“14th Five Year Plan”for the development of the bioeconomy,and has become an important direction for the transformation and upgrading of the biopharmaceutical industry. This paper started with the background and significance of studying the intelligent transformation of the biopharmaceutical industry,analyzed the goals of the intelligent transformation of biopharmaceutical enterprises,and proposed relevant countermeasures and suggestions to accelerate the promotion of high-end intelligent transformation of the domestic biopharmaceutical industry.

Applications of Nanoparticles in Agriculture Improvement- A Review

The field of nanotechnology is quickly developing and emerging since it has enormous potential for various human uses. With their unique, size-based physical and chemical attributes, nonmaterials generated and engineered through nanotechnology have many applications in biomedicine and agriculture. Theranostics is a branch of nanomedicine that uses small, highly surface-area nanoparticles to diagnose and treat diseases. Nanomaterials have a wide range of uses in agriculture, from fertilizers that improve soil nutrient uptake by plants to nano pesticides that control a variety of pests, including fungi, phytophagous insects, and weeds, increasing food output. Agriculture and food security are intimately connected, and many researchers are interested. Agriculture production depends on many difficulties due to the severe effects of climate change, water problems and changing the distribution of insect pests. Meanwhile, it faces tremendous challenges in maintaining food security for a massive population amid declining resources. Research is actively exploring the use of nonmaterial in agriculture due to their tremendous promise. Despite their good qualities, nonmaterial present risks to the environment and human health, necessitating risk assessment studies. Green nonmaterial synthesis may lessen the usage of toxic agrochemicals that pollute the environment and enter biological systems, providing an environmentally safe, environmentally friendly, and economically advantageous option. In this critical evaluation, nanoparticles are used in agriculture.

Advances in enzyme immobilization based on hierarchical porous metal-organic frameworks / 生物工程学报

As an excellent hosting matrices for enzyme immobilization, metal-organic framework (MOFs) provides superior physical and chemical protection for biocatalytic reactions. In recent years, the hierarchical porous metal-organic frameworks (HP-MOFs) have shown great potential in enzyme immobilization due to their flexible structural advantages. To date, a variety of HP-MOFs with intrinsic or defective porous have been developed for the immobilization of enzymes. The catalytic activity, stability and reusability of enzyme@HP-MOFs composites are significantly enhanced. This review systematically summarized the strategies for developing enzyme@HP-MOFs composites. In addition, the latest applications of enzyme@HP-MOFs composites in catalytic synthesis, biosensing and biomedicine were described. Moreover, the challenges and opportunities in this field were discussed and envisioned.

De omisiones especializadas: la biomedicina como parte intrínseca de la vida de los pueblos originarios / On specialized oversights: biomedicine as an intrinsic part of life for indigenous peoples

RESUMEN La gran mayoría de los estudios de la medicina tradicional excluyen la existencia de la biomedicina y de las medicinas alternativas y complementarias en la vida de los pueblos indígenas de México y de Latinoamérica en general, pese a que estos pueblos utilizan la biomedicina en forma creciente e intensa. En este texto, he tratado de poner de manifiesto este proceso de expansión biomédica y de declive de la medicina tradicional, a través de información etnográfica referida a distintos pueblos originarios. Esta expansión biomédica se desarrolla a pesar de las varias consecuencias negativas que genera, debido a diversos factores, entre ellos, su eficacia comparativa, que se expresa a través de los usos y la demanda de fármacos, de los servicios biomédicos y, en particular, de la instalación de hospitales en sus comunidades. La población indígena articula los usos de la medicina tradicional y de la biomedicina con la tendencia a utilizar cada vez más la biomedicina, incluso por parte de los curadores tradicionales.

ABSTRACT The vast majority of studies on traditional medicine disregard the existence of biomedicine and alternative and complementary medicines in the lives of the indigenous peoples of Mexico and Latin America in general, despite the fact that these populations increasingly make use of biomedical knowledge more and more intensively. In this text I have attempted to elucidate this expansion of biomedicine and the decline of traditional medicine, through ethnographic information related to different indigenous groups. This expansion of biomedicine takes place despite the various negative consequences it generates due to different factors such as its comparative effectiveness, which is evidenced in the use of and demand for pharmaceuticals, biomedical services, and in particular the construction of hospitals in their communities. The indigenous population combines the uses of traditional medicine and biomedicine with a tendency to increasingly utilize biomedicine, even on the part of traditional healers.

Para além das classificações biomédicas: a experiência do câncer de mama no Brasil, 1990-2015 / Beyond biomedical classifications: breast cancer experience in Brazil, 1990-2015

Resumo Analisa as experiências de adoecimento por câncer de mama de mulheres em tratamento no Hospital do Câncer III do Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro. Argumenta que parte da experiência das mulheres entrevistadas foi construída pela interação entre a convivência familiar e a mobilização de diferentes significados culturais da doença e da feminilidade, negociando sentidos para entidades biomédicas. O estudo resulta de uma pesquisa qualitativa de inspiração etnográfica, que entrevistou mulheres em tratamento de câncer de mama ao longo de 2015. Parte dos depoimentos para discutir a interação da sociedade com as entidades biomédicas para a significação do câncer no Brasil entre as décadas de 1990 e 2010.

Abstract The paper analyses illness experiences of breast cancer in women undergoing treatment at the Hospital of Cancer III of the National Institute of Cancer. It argues that part of the interviewed women's experience was constructed from the interaction between family coexistence and the mobilisation of different cultural meanings of the disease and femininity, negotiating senses for biomedical entities. The study results from a qualitative research of ethnographic inspiration that interviewed women undergoing treatment from breast cancer during 2015. It draws on the accounts to discuss the interaction of society with biomedical entities for the significance of cancer in Brazil between the 1990s and 2010s.

"Tú me dirás: yo, ¿de cuáles soy?": la práctica clínica del Chagas como riesgo latente / "You will ask me: which am I?": the clinical practice of Chagas as a latent risk

Resumen A través de una etnografía basada en la observación, entrevistas a profesionales y el vaciado de documentación, en este artículo describo y analizo cómo, en la práctica clínica del Chagas, la infección es tratada como un riesgo latente. Sugiero que la gestión que se hace de este riesgo ha posibilitado la práctica clínica entre las personas clasificadas en la etapa indeterminada, añadiendo una dimensión de posibilidad (¿va a pasar?) y de potencialidad (¿cuándo y dónde?) que permite tomar acciones tales como la administración de un medicamento o una monitorización permanente. La reificación del riesgo latente como fenómeno gestionable a través de un proceso de medicalización se articula, a su vez, con otras concepciones y experiencias concretas del riesgo entre los grupos afectados. Situar la práctica clínica de dicho riesgo como objeto de estudio es un primer paso para poderlas describir e incluir como realidades en la organización del sistema de salud.

Abstract Drawing on observation-based ethnography, interviews of health personnel and document review, this article describes and examines how, in clinical handling of Chagas disease, infection is treated as latent risk. It suggests that how this risk is managed has enabled a clinical practice to be conducted among people classified as at the indeterminate stage, by adding a dimension of possibility (Is it going to happen?) and potentiality (When and where?). This allows measures to be taken, including administration of medication or permanent monitoring. The reification of latent risk as a phenomenon that is manageable through a process of medicalisation engages, in turn, with other conceptions and specific experiences of risk among the affected groups. Framing the clinical practices deployed to address this risk as objects of study is a first step towards being able to describe and include them concretely in health system organisation.

Biosensors: Types, features, and application in biomedicine

Fast and precise diagnostic techniques are required for the treatment of many disorders. Biosensors are one of the diagnostic devices that are applicable in biological and medical sciences. Biosensors could be utilized to recognize biological molecules with high sensitivity. Biosensors are consisted of different components and have different types. Each type of biosensor is used in a particular field according to its specific features. Nanobodies are a novel class of antibodies with small size, high affinity, and specificity to their target. The unique properties of nanobodies make them appropriate tools for diagnostic applications. In this paper, we review biosensors, and their features and roles in medicine. Antibody/nanobody-based biosensors are also specifically discussed.

Genetically modified organisms: adapting regulatory frameworks for evolving genome editing technologies

Genetic modification of living organisms has been a prosperous activity for research and development of agricultural, industrial and biomedical applications. Three decades have passed since the first genetically modified products, obtained by transgenesis, become available to the market. The regulatory frameworks across the world have not been able to keep up to date with new technologies, monitoring and safety concerns. New genome editing techniques are opening new avenues to genetic modification development and uses, putting pressure on these frameworks. Here we discuss the implications of definitions of living/genetically modified organisms, the evolving genome editing tools to obtain them and how the regulatory frameworks around the world have taken these technologies into account, with a focus on agricultural crops. Finally, we expand this review beyond commercial crops to address living modified organism uses in food industry, biomedical applications and climate change-oriented solutions.

Development of a first-class undergraduate major in bioengineering facing the emerging engineering direction of biomedicine / 生物工程学报

In the "Tutorial for outline of the healthy China 2030 plan", biomedicine was listed as a key planning and development area. Shanghai government also lists biomedicine as an emerging pillar industry. The rapid development of biomedicine industry put higher requirement for talents. Taking the idea of cross integration, mutually beneficial development, inheritance and innovation, the School of Biotechnology of East China University of Science and Technology organically integrates bioengineering and pharmaceutical majors to develop a new undergraduate engineering program of biomedicine, which specially reforms the talent training practice from the aspects of developing a "trinity teaching" standard system, a "three integration, three convergence" curriculum system, and a "three comprehensive education" innovative talent training system. We put forward the trinity of "value guidance, knowledge system, technology and non-technical core competence literacy" to foster emerging biomedicine engineering talents, and developed a comprehensive innovative talents training mode featured by "covering class-in and class-out, covering every student, and covering ideology and curriculum". Moreover, we established effective connections between courses and training goals, between general education courses and professional courses, and between top-notch talent training systems and training programs. Based on the achievements of teaching reform of the emerging engineering program "intelligent bio-manufacturing", the experience we obtained may provide ideas for development of the first-class bioengineering major in China.

Exploration of the prevention and management of scientific research data misconduct based on retracted papers in the biomedical field / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:By analyzing the biomedical papers retracted due to the reason that " original data not provided" , to discuss the necessity of preventing scientific data misconduct and the feasible solutions for its management.Methods:Data of the international papers that were published from Jan 2011 to Dec 2021 and retracted due to " original data not provided" were retrieved from Retraction Watch Database. The data of time distribution, institution, journal sources, reasons for retraction, and disciplinary distribution were statistically analyzed and visually processed by using software packages of Excel, Python 3.7, Gephi 0.92.Results:A total number of 529 papers published in the biomedical field were retracted due to " original data not provided" , and the time of publication and retraction occurred mainly in 2019 (27.41%) and 2021 (41.97%). In addition to the reason " original data not provided" used as search term, the reasons for withdrawal were mainly data and image problems caused by scientific data misconduct, and reasons related to the discovery and investigation process of the paper, and these reasons had a strong co-linear relationship. Besides, the 4 disciplinary of biology-cellular, biology-cancer, genetics, medicine-oncology also had a strong co-linear relationship.Conclusions:It is necessary to incorporating scientific research data management into the scientific research code of conduct, strengthen the training on the code of conduct for original scientific research records keeping, establish the scientific research data review mechanism, and promote the prevention and governance of scientific research data misconduct in the biomedical field.

Analysis of four subtypes original research in biomedicine and enlightenment for reseach management / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:To explore the stage connotation and characteristics of original research in the field of biomedicine.Methods:Through theoretical analysis and case studies, the original research in the field of biomedicine is subdivided into four subtypes, and the development laws and countermeasures are discussed in this paper.Results:The original research in biomedicine can be divided into four subtypes according to its dynamic process, which includes Budding (0-0.1), Bottleneck (0.1-1), Expansion (1-N) and Iteration (1- New 1). Each subtype has different technological advancement, maturity, scale, and influence.Conclusions:Analysing the original connotation and laws of the subtypes of 4 original research in biomedicine provides relevant suggestions on formulating funding, development strategies, as well as promoting original medical innovation.

El frente discursivo biomédico, neoliberal y tradicional de la educación: debate en la educación para la salud crítica / The biomedical, neoliberal and traditional discursive front of education: debate in critical health education / Frente discursiva biomédica, neoliberal e discursiva tradicional da educação: o debate na educação crítica em saúde

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar los debates teóricos alrededor de la educación para la salud (EpS) identificados en artículos científicos de cinco países de América anglosajona, Europa y Australia, con el fin de aportar a la fundamentación pedagógica de la EpS y su vínculo con la salud pública. Metodología: Estudio documental que utiliza como fuentes de información artículos científicos de investigaciones desarrolladas en Australia, Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, Canadá y España. Resultados: Se identificaron debates teóricos desarrollados en tres ámbitos de discusión: el estructural, en que se denuncia el mantenimiento de una EpS tradicional, sustentada en una perspectiva biomédica de la salud y un modelo neoliberal imperante; el de las prácticas pedagógicas, desarrollado por una educación débil y funcional al mantenimiento de la reproducción del orden social imperante, y el de las propuestas, desde las cuales se promueven perspectivas pedagógicas alternativas con respecto a la conceptualización de la salud y de la EpS. Conclusiones: Existe un frente discursivo que perpetúa una concepción de salud basada en el modelo biomédico, la hegemonía del modelo neoliberal y la idea tradicional de la EpS, en el marco de una salud pública clásica. Pero también se reconocen perspectivas críticas de la EpS y de la salud pública, que conforman otro frente discursivo contrahegemónico, que busca la transformación del orden social injusto.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the theoretical debates around health education (SPS) identified in scientific articles from five countries of Anglo-Saxon America, Europe and Australia, in order to contribute to the pedagogical base of EpS and its link with public health. Methodology: A documentary study that uses scientific articles from research carried out in Australia, the United States, England, Canada and Spain as sources of information. Results: The theoretical debates developed in three axes of discussion were identified: the structural one, in which the maintenance of a traditional HE is denounced, from a biomedical perspective of health and a current neoliberal model; that of pedagogical practices, developed by a fragile and functional education to maintain the reproduction of the current social order, and that of proposals, from which alternative pedagogical perspectives are promoted around the conceptualization of health and HE. Conclusions: There is a discursive front that perpetuates a conception of health based on the biomedical model, on the hegemony of the neoliberal model and on the traditional idea of HE, within the framework of classical public health. But the critical perspectives of HE and public health are also recognized, which constitute another counter-hegemonic discursive front, which seeks to transform the unjust social order.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar os debates teóricos em torno da educação em saúde identificados em artigos científicos de cinco países da América Anglo-Saxônica, Europa e Austrália, a fim de contribuir para a fundamentação pedagógica da EpS e sua vinculação com a saúde pública. Metodologia: Estudo documental que utiliza como fontes de informação artigos científicos oriundos de pesquisas realizadas na Austrália, Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, Canadá e Espanha. Resultados: Foram identificados os debates teóricos desenvolvidos em três eixos de discussão: o estrutural, em que se denuncia a manutenção de um educação em saúde tradicional, com base em uma perspectiva biomédica da saúde e num modelo neoliberal vigente; a das práticas pedagógicas, desenvolvida por uma educação frágil e funcional para manter a reprodução da ordem social vigente, e a das propostas, a partir das quais se promovem perspectivas pedagógicas alternativas no que diz respeito à conceituação de saúde e educação em saúde . Conclusões: Há uma frente discursiva que perpetua uma concepção de saúde baseada no modelo biomédico, na hegemonia do modelo neoliberal e na ideia tradicional de educação em saúde , no marco de uma saúde pública clássica. Mas também são reconhecidas as perspectivas críticas da educação em saúde e da saúde pública, que constituem outra frente discursiva contra-hegemônica, que busca a transformação da ordem social injusta.

El desafío de las enfermedades (re)emergentes, los límites de la respuesta biomédica y el nuevo paradigma de salud global / The challenge of (re)emerging diseases, the limits of the biomedical response and the new paradigm of global health

Resumen Las "enfermedades infecciosas emergentes y reemergentes" constituyen una creciente amenaza para la hegemonía de la biomedicina, al suscitar no pocos interrogantes sobre la idoneidad de su discurso y prácticas para afrontar el desafío global que representan. Se analiza el proceso de construcción de esta nueva categoría nosológica, y se examinan ejemplos destacados del impacto de las enfermedades (re)emergentes en la salud pública, la seguridad alimentaria y el desarrollo humano a escala global. Se refiere a prácticas irresponsables de sectores de la industria farmacéutica y agropecuaria, determinantes en su desencadenamiento y diseminación; y a algunos fallos cruciales de enfoque y manejo de los tiempos en las políticas de salud global en relación al VIH/sida con desastrosas consecuencias para el África subsahariana.

Abstract "Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases" pose a growing threat to the hegemony of biomedicine, raising questions about whether its discourse and practices can handle the global challenge they represent. The construction of this new nosological category is analyzed in this article, which examines some notable examples of the impact of (re)emerging diseases on public health, food security and human development on a global scale. It discusses irresponsible practices by sectors of the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries which led to the emergence and spread of these diseases; and points to some crucial failures of approach and time management in global health policies on HIV/AIDS, with disastrous consequences for sub-Saharan Africa.

Death and Dying Between Anthroposophy and Biomedicine / A morte e o morrer entre a antroposofia e a biomedicina

Abstract Death and dying constantly provoke debates regarding boundaries, rules and disputes for the legitimacy of different meanings regarding processes of finalizing life. This article places special emphasis on conflicts between the therapeutic system of anthroposophy and biomedicine in Brazil. The reflections contained in the text are based on ethnographic research, carried out in multiple locations between 2012 and 2015, investigating concepts of cure in anthroposophy in three different communities: two in Brazil, and one in Switzerland. Over the course of this journey, our experience as ethnographers led us to reflect on death and dying among the Widows of Demétria, one of the anthroposophical communities in which we conducted our research. Demétria is a rural neighborhood located in the city of Botucatu, in the interior of São Paulo state. The community was first organized during the 1970s, and it consists mostly of women - both Europeans and Brazilians - who live together, sharing a lifestyle that reimagines the ethos of death as a part of the aesthetic project of Bildung, which differs significantly from the conception of the death process in biomedicine.

Resumo A morte e o morrer suscitam continuamente o debate sobre as fronteiras, as regras e a disputa pela legitimidade dos distintos significados que envolvem os processos de finalização da vida. Este artigo busca abordar, especialmente, os conflitos que ocorrem entre o sistema terapêutico antroposófico e a biomedicina no Brasil. As reflexões se dão com base na etnografia multissituada realizada entre os anos 2012 e 2016 que se debruçou sobre a concepção de cura na antroposofia em três comunidades, duas no Brasil e uma na Suíça. Nesse percurso, fomos levados pela experiência etnográfica às elaborações sobre a morte e o morrer das viúvas da Demétria, uma das comunidades antroposóficas investigadas. Demétria é um bairro rural no interior do estado de São Paulo, na cidade de Botucatu, composto na sua maioria por mulheres, europeias e brasileiras, que convivem e partilham de um estilo de vida que reelabora o ethos da morte como um projeto estético de Bildung que difere da concepção do processo de morte na biomedicina.

Discussion on management of biomedical research at universities based on Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:Based on the analysis of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine from 1946 to present, summarize key factors of biomedical research management at universities, to provide suggestions for the improvement of biomedical research management in China.Methods:Using the official website of Nobel Foundation as database, combined with documents and literature review, data of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which including the nationality of the winners, the age at which the Nobel Prize were made, the employer as well as the discipline were analyzed.Results:An evaluation system based on peer review plays important roles in scientific and technological innovation.The breakthrough works are usually achieved by the scientists in their youth, however, the time for the recognition of their work is gradually increasing.The interdisciplinary research is more and more important.Conclusions:By analyzing the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, China needs to establish a comprehensive talent evaluation system that focus on training young scholars and strengthen cross-disciplinary integration to improve the biomedical research management.

Status and application prospects of nano-clay laponite / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: The development of nanomaterials provides a good guarantee for the development of biomedicine. Nano-clay Laponite is a synthetic nanomaterial with excellent properties. It is widely used in drug delivery, tissue regeneration, three-dimensional biological printing and other fields. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the latest application status and future research prospect of nano-clay Laponite. METHODS: With the key words of “nano-clay, clay, Laponite” in English and Chinese, we searched CNKI, Wanfang, China Biomedical Database and PubMed. We further screened and summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Laponite has unique rheological properties, electrical conductivity, antibacterial properties, organization, good biocompatibility and other excellent properties, has been widely used in the fields of chemical industry, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine. It is a kind of nanomaterial with wide application prospect. Laponite-based nanocomposites are currently a hot research direction in the biomedical field. Self-assembly, porosity, good biocompatibility and physical properties provide a good guarantee for Laponite nano-biological scaffolds. More basic studies are needed to clarify its mechanism. Combining basic research with clinical application will help Laponite materials to be used safely in clinical practice.

Thirty years development of ¹³C metabolic flux analysis: a review / 生物工程学报

¹³C metabolic flux analysis (¹³C-MFA) enables the precise quantification of intracellular metabolic reaction rates by analyzing the distribution of mass isotopomers of proteinogenic amino acids or intracellular metabolites through ¹³C labeling experiments. ¹³C-MFA has received much attention as it can help systematically understand cellular metabolic characteristics, guide metabolic engineering design and gain mechanistic insights into pathophysiology. This article reviews the advances of ¹³C-MFA in the past 30 years and discusses its potential and future perspective, with a focus on its application in industrial biotechnology and biomedicine.

La revisión por pares pospublicación: otro control de calidad del registro científico en biomedicina / Post-publication peer review: another sort of quality control of the scientific record in biomedicine

Resumen La revisión por pares tradicional atraviesa por crecientes cuestionamientos, dado el aumento en el fraude científico detectado y la crisis de replicación que recientemente se ha presentado en la investigación biomédica. Investigadores, instituciones académicas y agencias de financiamiento activamente promueven el análisis del registro científico y se han desarrollado múltiples herramientas para lograrlo. Diferentes revistas biomédicas se fundaron con la revisión por pares pospublicación como característica; existen varias plataformas digitales que hacen posible este proceso. Asimismo, cada vez hay más revistas biomédicas que permiten comentar artículos publicados en sus sitios web, lo cual también es posible en repositorios de preimpresiones. Sumado a esto, las casas editoriales y los investigadores están usando ampliamente las redes sociales para la difusión y discusión de artículos, lo cual a veces culmina en refutaciones y retracciones.

Abstract Traditional peer review is undergoing increasing questioning, given the increase in scientific fraud detected and the replication crisis biomedical research is currently going through. Researchers, academic institutions, and research funding agencies actively promote scientific record analysis, and multiple tools have been developed to achieve this. Different biomedical journals were founded with post-publication peer review as a feature, and there are several digital platforms that make this process possible. In addition, an increasing number biomedical journals allow commenting on articles published on their websites, which is also possible in preprint repositories. Moreover, publishing houses and researchers are largely using social networks for the dissemination and discussion of articles, which sometimes culminates in refutations and retractions.

Toxinology in Colombia: contributions of ophidism/scorpionism program and other research groups / Toxinología en Colombia: contribuciones del programa de ofidismo/escorpionismo y de otros grupos de investigación

Background: Toxinology is a sub-field of toxicology dedicated to studying toxins produced by animals, plants and, microorganisms. In Colombia, during the last thirty years, this area has been mainly investigated by Ophidism/Scorpionism Program of Universidad de Antioquia. However, some other research groups have also contributed to our knowledge of venoms and toxins, as well as their related effects and treatments. Objective: to highlight the most significant findings in toxinology made by the Ophidism/Scorpionism Program and other research groups in Colombia. Methods: 119 papers dealing with the history of ophidiology and toxinology in Colombia were collected and analyzed. Results: some useful terms are described to understand toxinology and its scope. Also, a brief history of ophidiology is presented, spanning from the discovery of America until present-day findings. Finally, an overall description of several results related to toxin isolation, characterization, antivenoms, clinical trials, description of new species, proteomic and transcriptomic, among others. The nineteens were characterized by the study of snakebites, their clinic manifestations, and the use of antivenoms. In addition, the ethnopharmacological studies of medicinal plants used in snakebite treatments began to be explored. The 2000s included the newly ethnopharmacology, toxin isolation, clinical trials, inhibitor studies, scorpion venom characterization, and scorpion stings features. Finally, from 2010 until today, proteomic and transcriptomic gave the most important findings. Conclusions: Toxinology works in Colombia have contributed to our knowledge about endemic species, clinical manifestations of snakebite and scorpion stings, and the development of new therapeutic agents. However, we invite Colciencias and other funding agencies to assign more resources to support a higher number of researchers in this field, since snakebite is considered a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization, which needs more attention from governments and scholars. Finally, the venoms of some species and their possible mode of action are still unknown to us. Besides, given the complexity of venoms, we are not yet aware of the potential use of toxins in current biomedicine. Thus, studies in toxinology must continue.

Antecedentes: La Toxinología es el campo de la Toxicología que estudia las toxinas producidas por animales, plantas y microorganismos. En Colombia, durante los últimos treinta años, los estudios realizados en esta área han sido desarrollados principalmente por el Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo de la Universidad de Antioquia. Sin embargo, otros grupos de investigación también han contribuido en el conocimiento de venenos, toxinas, efectos y tratamientos. Objetivo: Destacar los hallazgos más relevantes en toxinología realizados por el Programa de Ofidismo Escorpionismo y otros grupos de investigación en Colombia. Métodos: Se recopilaron 119 artículos referentes a la historia de la ofidiología y la toxinología en Colombia. Resultados: Se describieron algunos términos útiles para el entendimiento de la toxinología y sus alcances. Se construyó una breve historia de la ofidiología que inicia con el descubrimiento de América y finaliza con hallazgos recientes. Se realizó una amplia descripción de varios resultados relacionados con el aislamiento y caracterización de toxinas, antivenenos, ensayos clínicos, descripciones de nuevas especies, proteómica y transcriptómica, entre otras. Así, la década de los noventa se caracterizó por el estudio de las mordeduras de serpientes, sus manifestaciones clínicas, el uso de antivenenos y la exploración de la etnofarmacología asociada a las mordeduras de serpiente. La década del 2000 incluyó nuevamente etnofarmacología, el aislamiento de toxinas, ensayos clínicos, estudios sobre inhibidores de toxinas, caracterización de venenos y picaduras de escorpión. Finalmente, desde 2010 hasta hoy, la proteómica y transcriptómica aportaron los hallazgos más importantes. Conclusiones: Los estudios de Toxinología en Colombia han contribuido al conocimiento de especies endémicas, manifestaciones clínicas de mordeduras de serpientes y picaduras escorpiones, y el desarrollo de nuevos agentes terapéuticos. No obstante, se invita a Colciencias y a otras agencias de financiamiento a apoyar la investigación en este campo, ya que es considerada una enfermedad tropical desatendida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y necesita mayor atención por parte del gobierno e instituciones académicas. Además, dada la complejidad de los venenos, se desconoce el uso potencial de las toxinas en la biomedicina actual. Así, se deben continuar realizando estudios en toxinología.

Application of 3D-printed drug composite material in biomedicine / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Combining drugs with materials using 3D printing technology can be formulated Into a dosage form with a specific release rate, which is better for clinical use. OBJECTIVE: To review the preparation technique, advantages and indications of pharmaceutical composites made from western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, metal elements and Ions and related materials. METHODS: The first author used the search terms "Drug; Chinese medicine; Metal; Composite materials; 3D printing" to search the CNKI and Wanfang databases In Chinese and the PubMed and Web of Science in English to retrieve papers published during 1950-2019. A total of 339 papers were preliminarily retrieved. After screening, 46 papers were included in the final analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Pharmaceutical composite materials made of western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, metal elements and Ions and related materials have certain advantages in the pharmaceutical field and clinical use. It can not only improve the bioavailability of drugs, reduce toxic side effects, but also achieve a combination of drugs. In recent years, drug composite materials have been used In orthopedics, dentistry, cardiovascular medicine, otolaryngology and other fields, but its application is still in its Infancy. Many aspects need to be Improved, such as improving the quality of drug composites, Increasing mechanical stability, reducing the brittleness, printing the full-featured blood vessels and organs that fit the size of the human body, and better Imitating the biomechanics and tissue structure of human body.